Arụ ọrụ ubi dị ka ịkwagharị kwa afọ n'ubi asparagus, ịrụ ọrụ ịgbasa na iwe ihe ubi nwere ike ime ka mkpịsị ụkwụ dị n'etiti akwa akwa na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu, na-eduga n'ibelata ntinye nbanye na ohere dị ukwuu nke ịkwanye mmiri n'elu, ọgbọ na-agbapụ na mbuze ala.
AHDB kwadoro oru ngo FV 450 'Asparagus: Nlekọta ala na-adịgide adịgide maka ịdị ogologo ndụ ma na-ebuli elu' (01/05/2016 – 31/03/2018), iji zụlite ma kesaa nke ọma otu ụlọ ọrụ nke Usoro njikwa kacha mma (BMPs) iji gbochie na/ma ọ bụ mezie mkpirisi wheel na nsogbu ndị ọ na-akpata. Ọ bụ Dr Rob Simmons nke Cranfield Soil na Agrifood Institute, Mahadum Cranfield na-arụ ọrụ a.
Emebere nnwale ubi abụọ emegharịgharịrị n'April 2016 na Gatsford Farm, Ross-on-Wye, site na nkwado ụdịrị sitere na Cobrey Farms. BMP gụnyere (1) ihe ọkụkụ ndị enyi - Rye (Serale cecale L.Mọstad (Sinapis alba L.), (2) ngwa mulch n'elu interrow (straw mulch ma ọ bụ PAS 100 compost na nchikota na ọgba aghara ala na-emighị emi (SSD)) na (3) nchikota nke omume ịkọ ugbo (re-ridging (R) na SSD) megide (4) nhọrọ ugbo efu. A na-etinye ọgba aghara ala na-emighị emi site na iji tine nwere nku na omimi 0.25 - 0.3 m na ọgwụgwọ mulch.
Na nnwale 1 (atụmatụ nnwale 48), a mụrụ mmetụta nke BMP na Gijnlim, nke na-anọchite anya 70% nke ubi asparagus toro n'ubi UK. Nnwale 2 tụnyere ọdịiche dị iche iche na mmepe mgbọrọgwụ na ihe owuwu yana, nkesa profaịlụ mgbọrọgwụ dịka ọgwụgwọ ala ala maka Gijnlim na Guelph Millennium metụtara. E debere ule n'okpuru -
Tebụl 1 - Nnwale 1: Nkọwa ọgwụgwọ
iche iche | Nkọwa ọgwụgwọ | Ntugharị ọzọ |
Gijnlim | Mkpụrụ ọka - rye | R |
Gijnlim | Mkpụrụ ọka - rye | NR |
Gijnlim | Mkpụrụ ọka - mọstad | R |
Gijnlim | Mkpụrụ ọka - mọstad | NR |
Gijnlim | PAS 100 compost SSD | R |
Gijnlim | PAS 100 compost SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | Straw Mulch SSD | R |
Gijnlim | Straw Mulch SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | Ala efu SSD | R |
Gijnlim | Ala efu SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | Omume Omenala | R |
Gijnlim | Ịkụ ihe efu | NR |
Ntugharị kwa afọ (R) ma ọ bụ Zero-ridging (NR). Nsogbu ala na-emighị emi (SSD). A na-etinye ọgwụgwọ n'atụghị egwu na nnwale 2.
Nnwale 2: Nkọwa ọgwụgwọ
iche iche | Nkọwa ọgwụgwọ | Ntugharị ọzọ |
Gijnlim | Ala efu SSD | R |
Gijnlim | Ala efu SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | * Omume Omenala | R |
Gijnlim | Ịkụ ihe efu | NR |
Guelph Millennium | Ala efu SSD | R |
Guelph Millennium | Ala efu SSD | NR |
Guelph Millennium | * Omume Omenala | R |
Guelph Millennium | Ịkụ ihe efu | NR |
Ntugharị kwa afọ (R) ma ọ bụ Zero-ridging (NR). Nsogbu ala na-emighị emi (SSD). Agụnyere ọgwụgwọ na nkwuwa okwu site na nnwale 1.
* A kọwapụtara omume ọdịnala dị ka ịkwọgharị kwa afọ na-enweghị ọgba aghara ala na-emighị emi etinyere n'okirikiri ụkwụ.
Achọpụtara ihe nrụpụta mgbọrọgwụ na nkesa profaịlụ mgbọrọgwụ. A na-ewere eriri mgbọrọgwụ na ahịrị zero okpueze (CZL) site na etiti osisi abụọ dị n'ahịrị. A na-ewepụkwa Cores na-esote, pụọ na CZL, mana n'ahịrị na okpueze dị anya nke 0.3 m, 0.6 m na 0.9 m (Figure 1). A na-ewepụta mkpụrụ osisi sitere na omimi ala ndị a: 0.00 - 0.15 m, 0.15 - 0.30 m, 0.30 - 0.45 m na 0.45 - 0.6 m.
Ọgụgụ 1. Mgbọrọgwụ coring protocol nakweere na saịtị ikpe FV 450/FV 450a.
Ọrụ afọ abụọ ahụ gosipụtara usoro siri ike maka mgbọrọgwụ Gijnlim ịgbasawanye n'ime wheeling karịa Guelph Millennium mana enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na nkesa oghere nke njupụta mgbọrọgwụ n'etiti ụdị dị iche iche. Owuwe ihe ubi dị ntakịrị iji kọwaa ihe a kụrụ n'ubi gosiri na ịghagharị emeghị ka mkpụrụ maka ụdị ọ bụla dị iche iche ọ bụ ezie na nsonaazụ na-atụ aro na, maka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto na wheeling na 1.83 m centre, arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ala ruo 0.3 m dị omimi dị mma ịme ebe ma ọ bụ rye ma ọ bụ mọstad ibe ya. e toro. Otú ọ dị, enwere ihe ize ndụ nke imebi 2-5% nke mkpokọta mgbọrọgwụ mgbe a na-agbanye ala na wheelings na 0.175 cm omimi maka Guelph Millennium na na 0.3 m omimi maka Gijnlim.
Rye na mọstad a kụrụ n'ubi yiri ka ọ na-egbochi mmepe nke mgbọrọgwụ nchekwa asparagus na mpaghara ugwu, na-enwe obere uto mgbọrọgwụ n'elu (<0.15 m) nke wheelings. Ọgba aghara ala nke rye / enweghị omimi, ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị mgbakasị ahụ mere ka ọ dị ala (18.9 - 28.5% ala) karịa ọtụtụ ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ. Mbelata a dị nnọọ iche na nchọpụta nke ndị na-akụ asparagus North America.
Ụkpụrụ Nguzogide Penetromer dị elu (PR> 3 MPa) na nnukwu njupụta dị elu (BD> 1.45 cm-3)
A na-ahụ nha n'ime ala dị elu na wheelings, nke nwere ike imetụta mmepe mgbọrọgwụ asparagus. Emekwara ndekọ BD dị elu maka etiti elu ala. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a hụla mgbọrọgwụ asparagus na ala nwere ụkpụrụ PR nke 1.96 MPa na 2.9 MPa). Mmetụta nke ụkpụrụ PR dị elu na BD na uto nke sistemu nchekwa nchekwa asparagus na ya mere ikike ịchekwa carbohydrates soluble amabeghị ugbu a.
Emere oru ngo n'ihu FV 450a (02/04 2018 - 02/04/2021) dị ka ọmụmụ PhD nke Lucie Maskova, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Dr Rob Simmons, Dr Sarah De Baets na Dr Lynda Deeks na Cranfield. Nke a gara n'ihu na-amụ mmetụta ọgwụgwọ FV450 nwere na mkpụrụ, mmepe mgbọrọgwụ na ihe owuwu yana ọkwa carbohydrate soluble na sistemụ mgbọrọgwụ yana mmetụta na ahụike ala. A tụlere ọdịiche dị iche iche na nzaghachi mgbọrọgwụ nye BMPs wee mee nyocha ụlọ mkpọrọgwụ asparagus sara mbara na-ekpuchi ụdị ala dị iche iche, afọ kwụ ọtọ, ụdị dị iche iche na usoro mmepụta n'ofe obodo asparagus. Achọpụtara ọkwa carbohydrate mgbọrọgwụ nchekwa n'ofe saịtị yana nyocha emere maka 'mmetụta mmebi mgbọrọgwụ' maka ihe ọkụkụ ndị a nyochara.
FV 450a: Mmetụta BMPs na mkpụrụ
A na-ejikọta ọgwụgwọ compost PAS 100 (nke a na-agbaji na nke na-abụghị nke na-ejikọta ya na ọgba aghara ala na-emighị emeri) na 20% na-ebuli elu na mkpụrụ ube asparagus ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro omenala na ọgwụgwọ rye na-enweghị isi. A na-ejikọta ọgwụgwọ rye na-abụghị nke rye na mbelata mkpụrụ 23% ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ rye ridged (Nyocha 2).
Ọnụọgụ 2. Ọdịiche dị na 2020 Gijnlim mkpụrụ (kg ha-1) n'etiti ọgwụgwọ 1 nnwale. Ogwe kwụ ọtọ na-egosi oge ntụkwasị obi 0.95.
Nke a na-enye ihe akaebe siri ike na ebe a na-akụ rye dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eso ya na enweghị ike ịmalite, n'oge opupu ihe ubi na-esote, enwere ike ịtụ anya mbelata mkpụrụ osisi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịmegharị ihe ọkụkụ, ọ dịghị ntaramahụhụ mkpụrụ osisi a ga-ahụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere omume a na-emekarị ma ọ bụ ugbo efu. Dabere na nchoputa ndị a, ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị njikere itinye rye ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ ihu igwe / ala pụtara na ha enweghị ike ịbanye n'ime ala.
Nsonaazụ 2020 sochiri nchoputa 2018 na 2019 na asparagus nchekwa mgbọrọgwụ carbohydrate ụkpụrụ maka Guelph Millennium dị elu nke ukwuu karịa otu Gijnlim, n'agbanyeghị ọgwụgwọ. N'agbanyeghị ụfọdụ esemokwu mkpụrụ doro anya, enweghị mmetụta ọgwụgwọ na ụkpụrụ carbohydrate mgbọrọgwụ na 2019 ma ọ bụ 2020.
Nsonaazụ gosikwara na maka ma Gijnlim na Guelph Millennium, mweghachi kwa afọ metụtara omume ọdịnala butere mbelata 20-24% nke mkpụrụ osisi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ efu efu. Nke a nwere ike n'otu akụkụ kwado nyocha gara aga na-egosi na mwegharị kwa afọ na-akpata mmebi mgbọrọgwụ yana mbelata mkpụrụ.
FV 450a: Mmetụta na BMPs na nchikota ala & ntinye
Ejikọtara omume ọdịnala na ụkpụrụ penetrometer resistance (PR) dị elu nke ukwuu sitere na omimi 0.0-0.2 m, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ ala nkịtị. N'ụzọ dị iche, ọnụ ahịa PR dị ala nke ukwuu n'ofe profaịlụ ala site na ọgwụgwọ efu na-egosi obere mkpirisi ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụgwọ ala ndị ọzọ niile.
Mkpakọrịta ibe emetụtaghị PR nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere omume a na-emekarị. Nke a bụ ihe a na-atụghị anya ya, dị ka dabere na nchọpụta e bipụtara na mbụ, ndị otu na-akụ ihe owuwu ala bioremediated.
N'afọ 2020, PR belatara nke ukwuu na wheel wheel nke interrow ruo 0.25 m omimi maka ọgwụgwọ ọgba aghara ala na-emighị emi. Ọzọkwa, ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa ahịhịa na PAS 100 compost (nke etinyere na njikọta na ọgba aghara ala na-emighị emi) butere obere mkpirisi karịa ka omume a na-eme n'ime omimi karịrị 0.5 m.
N'afọ 2020, ọnụego ntinye n'ime ọgwụgwọ niile na-akpata ọgba aghara ala na-emighị emi ka ekewapụtara dị ka "Nwa ngwa ngwa" (> 500 mm h.1) ma dị elu karịa maka omume omenala ("Moderate", 23.2 mm h-1).
Nsonaazụ a na-atụ aro na ngwakọta nke ngwa mulch (ma PAS 100 Compost ma ọ bụ ahịhịa) iji megharịa wiilịgharị na ọgba aghara ala na-emighị emi na-ebelata nke ukwuu nchikota nke ọdụdụ ma na-abawanye infiltration. Nke a na-enwe mmetụta maka mpụta mmiri na-agbapụta na nchịkwa mbuze yana ịgbanye mmiri nke ala ọzọ.
FV 450a: Mmetụta ọgwụgwọ na ntọala ụlọ
Achọpụtara ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na njupụta njupụta profaịlụ (RMD) n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ efu na ọgwụgwọ omume. Nke a bụ n'ihi nnukwu ọdịiche dị na RMD na 0.15 - 0.30 m omimi, 0.3, 0.6 na 0.9 m site na akara zero okpueze. Esemokwu ndị a dị n'etiti mmụba 48-98% na RMD jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ efu-tillage ma e jiri ya tụnyere omume a na-emekarị. Nke a na-egosi na mwegharị kwa afọ na-emebi mgbọrọgwụ nchekwa. Agbanyeghị, ka ọ dị ugbu a, a hụbeghị mbelata dị ukwuu na mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ mmụba nke ọrịa n'ihe metụtara ọgwụgwọ a.
A na-ejikọta Guelph Millennium na ọchịchọ mgbọrọgwụ na-emighị emi ma e jiri ya tụnyere Gijnlim. Maka ọgwụgwọ efu-tillage, nke na-enye ohere mgbọrọgwụ asparagus na-eto eto na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya, Guelph Millennium jikọtara ya na 66-100% RMD dị elu na 0.0 - 0.15 m omimi na 0.3 na 0.6 m site na ahịrị zero okpueze, ma e jiri ya tụnyere Gijnlim.
N'akụkụ ọgwụgwọ niile, ala ala (mgbagwoju anya nke ala na-emighị emi) na ịnyagharị ụkwụ nwere ike imebi ihe ruru 5% nke mkpokọta mgbọrọgwụ biomass n'okpuru ọtụtụ nhazi nke tine eji na omimi arụ ọrụ nke 300 mm. Arụmọrụ ịhịa aka n'ahụ kwa afọ nwekwara ike imebi ihe ruru 5% nke mkpokọta mgbọrọgwụ biomass.
FV 450a: Nsonaazụ nyocha nke ndị na-eto eto
Maka ubi ndị ewepụtara site na nnukwu ụlọ akụ na-eto eto, oghere ahịrị asparagus dị iche iche dị ka ọrụ ebe a na-agbagharị ụkwụ. Achọpụtara ọnụ ahịa mgbọrọgwụ kachasị elu na ahịrị zero okpueze na ihe ruru 0.3m site na mkpọda ahụ, yana ụkpụrụ kachasị ala na wheeling na 'deadzone' dị nso n'elu ala (0-0.3m). Ụdị dị iche iche abụghị ihe na-ebutekarị na nkesa mgbọrọgwụ, ebe afọ nkwụsị nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu. Ntugharị ugboro ugboro na ala ala n'ime wheeling gbochiri mgbasawanye nke sistemụ mgbọrọgwụ na mpaghara wheeling si otú a na-ebute 'mkpọtụ' dị ịrịba ama nke mgbọrọgwụ biomass nwere ike ime. Nke a na-enye ohere maka nchekwa nke carbohydrate. Ejikọkwara oke mgbọrọgwụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na ala PR n'ofe ebe niile na mpaghara niile egosipụtara. Nsonaazụ na-aga n'ihu na-akwado nkwenye na iji gbochie mmebi mgbọrọgwụ nchekwa site na nrụgharị ma ọ bụ arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ala, ndị na-akụ osisi kwesịrị ịmalite nyocha nkesa nkesa profaịlụ tupu ịmalite ịmalitegharị na / ma ọ bụ ọrụ ala.
Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu FV 450b (site na 1 Julaị 2021)
(N'okpuru mkpebi minista Defra na ọdịnihu nke AHDB Horticulture)
Otu njikwa ọrụ (PMG), nke gụnyere John Chinn nke Cobrey Farm, Phil Langley nke Gs Sandfields Farm Ltd., Tim Casey nke J & V Casey & Son Ltd. na onye ndụmọdụ onwe ya Claire Donkin nwere echiche na ọrụ a kwesịrị ịga n'ihu. maka afọ 3 na-esote, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa iji nyochaa ihe ọkụkụ ka ọ na-etolite n'ime oge kachasị elu nke mmepụta azụmahịa. Ọnwụnwa ahụ erutebeghị n'akụkụ a nke ntozu oke ihe ọkụkụ na mmepụta akụ na ụba nke na-emekarị n'etiti afọ 4-7 (Fig 3). Nke a bụ isi oge nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ndị na-akụ osisi. N'ihi ya, ekwesịrị ka a na-enyocha mmetụta nke mweghachi kwa afọ na ogologo ndụ ogologo oge yana uru ọ na-enweta ma na-enyocha mmetụta akụ na ụba. Ndị kọmitii nyocha na mmepe AGA kwadoro echiche PMG na Septemba 2020.
Ọgụgụ 3. FV450/FV450a/FV450b usoro iheomume nke na-egosi mmemme ruo taa na oge nke oge dị oke mkpa nke ntozu ahia ahia.
Ebumnuche bụ ịga n'ihu na-enyocha mmetụta BMP na mkpụrụ asparagus, guzoro ogologo ndụ, ọrịa na ahụike ala. Ọrụ ga-agụnye nleba anya dị oke mkpa nke ọrụ PAS 100 compost ngwa n'ịba ụba mkpụrụ; nyocha zuru oke nke ihe ngosi anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na ndu na nkesa profaịlụ mgbọrọgwụ nchekwa, iji chọpụta ọnọdụ kacha mma maka ịgbasa mgbọrọgwụ nchekwa. A ga-agụta ụkpụrụ nkwụsi ike penetrative nke na-amachi ịgbatị mgbọrọgwụ, a ga-aga n'ihu na-enyocha ọdịiche dị iche iche na nrụpụta mgbọrọgwụ.
Ọrụ a ga-akọwapụta BMP kacha dị ọnụ ahịa, n'ihe gbasara nkwalite ịnya ụgbọ ala na mkpụrụ osisi asparagus na ahụike ala n'ime afọ 6 nke owuwe ihe ubi azụmahịa, dabere na nyocha-erite uru. Nke a ga-enye ndị na-akụ asparagus ohere ịme mkpebi ndị gbasara akụ na ụba nke ịnakwere BMP n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba nke azụmahịa ugbo nke ha.
Ebumnobi bụkwa ime ka BMP ahọpụtara ka ọ bụrụ ebe ndị ọzọ na-akụ ihe site na iguzobe saịtị satịlaịtị 3-5 emegharịgharịrị. Ihe oru ngo a ga-enyochakwa ọrụ oats dị ka ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ na-eso ibe ya kama rye, iji nweta nchebe mmiri ozuzo/oyi n'oge oyi.
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