Iji gbasaa ụdị mkpụrụ osisi kwesịrị iwebata n'ime mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka actinidia, nke a na-akọ na mba Eshia ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. N'ihi na-emebi emebi Ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ya na mmachi shelf ndụ nke actinidia tomato aghọbeghị isiokwu nke uka ulo oru cultivation, ma na nso nso a ọnọdụ, gụnyere Ukraine, na-amalite ịgbanwe. Actinidia na-enwewanye mmasị ọ bụghị naanị maka ndị na-amu amu kamakwa maka ugbo horticultural ọkachamara.
Ya mere, afọ ole na ole gara aga, ebe ọ maara banyere ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma na Ukraine, ụlọ ọrụ French Primland kpebiri ịmepụta mmepụta nke actinidia ahia ika Nergi, nke bụ nke ụdị Actinidia arguta na Ukraine, ya bụ na Bilyaiv district nke Odessa mpaghara na mpaghara. ala nke Black Sea Alliance. A na-egbute mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke Ukrainian actinidia na 2015 - afọ atọ mgbe a kụrụ ya, na 2016, a pụrụ ịzụta mkpụrụ osisi actinidia na ụlọ ahịa ndị Ukraine. Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Primland Francois Lafitte gosipụtara ngwaahịa Ukraine, onye na-etinye ego n'ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. O kwuru na ubi ndị dị otú ahụ na-eto nke ọma na France na ụfọdụ mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Europe. Ndị na-emepụta akara Nergi bụ ndị na-eto eto na-ahọrọ ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ. Nkezi ubi Nergi na-enwekarị oke ala, ọ bụghị ihe karịrị hectare 1. Na actinidia n'ugbo na Bilyaiv district nke Odessa mpaghara na-emi odude ke ebe nke 23.50 hectare. Site n'ụzọ, nke a bụ nke mbụ ulo oru actinidia n'ugbo pụtara na Ukraine.
Actinidia sitere na ika Nergi bụ obere beri nke yiri kiwi, mana ọ dị obere karịa, yabụ a na-akpọkwa ya kiwi nwa. Enwere ike iri ya na-enweghị bee. A na-eji aka na-egbute ihe ubi site n'August ruo etiti Septemba. Tomato nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke vitamin. Otu osisi na-enye site na 10 ruo 50 n'arọ nke tomato kwa afọ. Actinidia na-agba n'etiti Mee. Enwere osisi nwoke na nwanyi. Mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'ụyọkọ n'oge okpomọkụ. Osisi ahụ nwere ụdị osisi vaịn, ogologo ya nwere ike iru mita 6, akwụkwọ ya nwere ole na ole.
AKỤKỌ NDỊ DỊ ICHE ICHE
Ụlọ nyocha New Zealand ewepụtala Actinidia arguta ọhụrụ site na nhọrọ eke, na-ejikọta ha n'okpuru akara Nergi. N'oge njem ya na New Zealand, onye isi Primland Francois Lafitte nwere obere mkpụrụ osisi a kụrụ ya. Na Septemba 2016, site na nkwado nke Business France Agency, a na-eme ihe ngosi nke ụdị actinidia ọhụrụ na Kyiv, nke ndị na-elekọta ubi Ukraine malitere na nso nso a na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ French Primland.
Na 2017-2020, Ngalaba Horticulture, Viticulture, Biology and Chemistry nke Odessa State Agrarian University mere nyocha na ụdị actinidia. Nnwale ntọala bụ akuku nke actinidia na LLC "Black Sea Alliance". Nsonaazụ nke nnwale gosiri na na ọnọdụ nke South-Western Black Sea Coast nke Ukraine na yiri ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke actinidia cultivation bụ aku na uba viable, na-eji ndị mepụtara technology nke akuku na-eto eto n'ugbo. Mmepụta nke actinidia TM Nergi dabere na nkọwa siri ike ejiri n'ogige, na ebe nkwakọ ngwaahịa na n'oge mbupu.
Ihe NKE NKE NKE NKE NKE NKE TECHNOLOGICAL
Atụmatụ nke ịkụ actinidia na ala LLC "Black Sea Alliance" dị na ọnụego 5 x 4 m. Ugbo a nwere akwụkwọ ahụaja na nkwado. A na-ekewa ihe ọkụkụ actinidia ka ọ bụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ abụọ. Na cell nke mbụ na mpaghara 8.25 ha na nke abụọ cell na mpaghara 6.12 ha, a na-eto cultivar nke actinidia Tahi, na cell nke abụọ na mpaghara 2.1 ha bụ cultivar Isai. toro. A zụrụ osisi ndị ahụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara French "Sofuruileg SL". Ekwekọrịtala ịzụrụ mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-ebubata na Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine.
Usoro okpomọkụ nke mpaghara ahụ dị mma maka ịmalite actinidia na mbara ala: nchikota okpomọkụ dị elu karịa 10 Celsius - 4000-5000 Celsius C, oge nke oge ntu oyi - 220-290 ụbọchị, ogologo oge zuru oke. kacha nta - ruo mwepu 15 Celsius. Na mgbakwunye na Odesa, actinidia nwere ike toro na Zakarpattia, Mykolaiv na Zaporizhia oblasts, ebe nchikota nke okpomọkụ n'elu 10 Celsius C erute 3000-3400 Celsius C, na ntu oyi - 188-196 ụbọchị, kacha kacha nta - mwepu. 15-18 Celsius C. Nkịtị mmepe nke actinidia na na ikuku okpomọkụ ruo + 25 Celsius C. Ụfọdụ ọhụrụ iche iche na-enwe ike iguzogide ịrị elu okpomọkụ n'oge na-eto eto + 35 Celsius C na ntu oyi ruo -17 Celsius C n'oge dormancy.
E tinyebeghị ọgwụgwọ pesticides n'ihi na ọrịa na pesti emebibeghị osisi ndị ahụ.
Na-eto eto na ndị okenye afọ, actinidia osisi anabataghị shading nke osisi ọma, ma n'ihi na nkịtị fruiting mkpa ìhè anyanwụ, eto nke ọma na-emeghe ọkụ ebe.
Ihe ndị pụrụ iche chọrọ maka ọnọdụ ala na actinidia - pH kacha mma na 4.5-5.5, njikwa elu; zuru oke nke mmiri na batrị na nha nke N: P: K - 1: 2: 1; osisi na-emeghachi omume na-adịghị mma na ụbara ọdịnaya nke carbonates. Actinidia na-eto nke ọma na rụrụ arụ, loamy, elu- tụụrụ ala, nke ọma drained Ona na zuru ezu mmiri mmiri, adịghị anabata idei mmiri na-emeghachi omume na-adịghị mma na akọrọ ikuku. Mmiri na-ahụ n'anya dị elu nke ukwuu, n'ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị agba mmiri na-eto eto na mkpụrụ osisi na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 800-1000 mm.
Osisi na-agwụcha na-eto eto n'oge n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, osisi nke ome na-eto nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ike oyi ha dịkwuo elu. Ekwesịrị iji akwụkwọ kpuchie osisi otu na afọ abụọ maka oge oyi.
Nkwadebe ala tupu ịkụ ihe, usoro njide ala tupu ihe ọkụkụ abata n'ime mkpụrụ
Nkà na ụzụ na-enye otu oge miri emi tupu osisi loosening nke ala, nke na-eme ka loosening nke compacted ala, nakwa dị ka-etipịa na mbibi nke mgbọrọgwụ residues.
Maka ịgha mkpụrụ, a na-achọ ịkọ ihe na omimi nke 40 cm n'ụzọ a ga-esi na-akụ ihe na-erughị ọnwa 2-3. Mgbe emechara ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, a ga-ekpuchi ala ahụ ugboro abụọ n'ogologo. Tupu kewaa ebe a na-akụ ala, a na-akụ ya ma tụgharịa.
Na mpaghara actinidia, a na-akụ ala ahụ ruo omimi nke 25-30 cm na ngwa mbido 60-80 t / ha nke fatịlaịza organic na 60 n'arọ / ha nke phosphorus na potassium ma ọ bụ fatịlaịza na-etinye n'olulu ahụ n'oge ịgha mkpụrụ.
Ewu akwụkwọ ahụaja na ntupu nchebe
A na-etolite Actinidia na nkwado, a na-emepụta ahịrị dịka ụdị akwụkwọ ahụaja "hedge". A na-etinye ogwe ndị dị n'etiti n'ebe dị anya nke mita 8 ma kpọgidere waya 5 tiers, 6 wires. Nke mbụ n'ogo nke 30 cm maka ịgba mmiri mmiri. Ọkwa nke abụọ bụ 60 cm n'ịdị elu, ọkwa nke atọ dị 90 cm n'ịdị elu, ọkwa nke anọ bụ 130 cm n'ịdị elu, na ọkwa nke ise dị 180 cm elu. Agbakọta agba nke ise. Maka grid nchebe, a na-etinye mkpanaka kọmpụta nke mita 5 kwa mita 8 ọ bụla.
Ndozi ala na ngwa fatịlaịza n'oge oge a na-eto eto na-eto eto
Usoro njide ala bụ sidereal. Mgbọrọgwụ usoro nke actinidia dị n'elu oyi akwa nke ala, otú n'etiti ahịrị kụrụ green nri.
N'afọ mbụ nke oge na-eto eto, a na-akụ nri ahịhịa ndụ (alfalfa - 4 n'arọ / ha) na mpaghara 17.20 ha, nke a na-egbutu ugboro abụọ site na afọ nke abụọ nke oge na-eto eto na-enweghị ịkụcha na ịkọ.
Iji bibie ahihia na ịtọghe ala n'ahịrị, enwere akwụkwọ ntuziaka oge 5 na-atọpụ ibe ya.
Malite n'afọ nke abụọ nke ahịhịa - mmiri na-agba mmiri na ngwọta nke fatịlaịza ịnweta (ammonium sulfate).
Enwere ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'etiti ahịrị ndị na-eto eto. N'ime oge nke mkpụrụ osisi, a ga-edobe ala n'okpuru uzuoku dị ọcha na mmiri ka ọ na-akpọnwụ.
Ekwesịrị itinye fatịlaịza n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ maka igwu ala. Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na usoro mgbọrọgwụ nke actinidia dị elu, ya mere, n'okpuru bushes, ịkwesịrị igwu omimi nke 10-12 cm maka 0.01 ha otu ugboro kwa afọ abụọ na-eme 2-3 quintals nke nri ma ọ bụ humus. na ịnweta fatịlaịza - kwa afọ: 1.5-2 n'arọ nke ammonium nitrate, 3-4 - superphosphate na 1-1.5 n'arọ nke potassium nnu. Site na uto osisi dị mma, a na-etinye obere fatịlaịza.
Ịkụ mkpụrụ na ịrụzi
A na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ nke actinidia na ala LLC "Black Sea Alliance" n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2012. Mgbe a kwadebere ala ala maka akuku, a na-ekewa mpaghara ahụ n'ime akụkụ na oghere, na ebe a na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ. Ejiri aka na-ekewa saịtị ahụ n'ime ebe site n'enyemaka nke eriri na eriri abụọ nwere akara. Na mechanized cultivation n'etiti ahịrị nke actinidia ka mma na-akụ na ahịrị 3-4 na 2-3 m n'usoro. Nkwado dị mkpa iji kwado ome. Iji mee nke a, jiri akwụkwọ ahụaja waya nke ụdị mkpụrụ vaịn, nke a na-ekekọta osisi ndị ahụ ka ome ahụ wee kesaa ya na akwụkwọ ahụaja. Ogologo ya kwesịrị ịbụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 2 m site na ahịrị anọ nke waya na-agbatị na okporo osisi, nke dị ala na-edozi n'ogo nke 50-60 cm site na ala ala, ndị ọzọ na-adị anya n'ebe ibe ha nọ. Mgbe ị na-akụ mkpụrụ, a na-egbutu osisi ndị ahụ n'ime 3-4 buds, a na-emeghachi akụkụ ndị ahụ, a na-ebipụ ndị gbajiri agbaji, na-adọka ma na-emikpu n'ime ụrọ agbaze.
Omimi nke oghere ihe ọkụkụ 60 x 60 cm. N'ime oghere ọ bụla n'oge akuku, mee ala na-eme nri, 10-12 n'arọ nke humus, 100-200 g nke superphosphate. Ị nwere ike ịme ngwakọta nke sod na ala deciduous, ájá na nri. Mgbe akuku, a na-agba osisi ndị ahụ mmiri, mgbe ahụ, a na-ekpuchi oghere ndị ahụ na peat, humus, akwụkwọ dara ada ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụnụ.
A na-eme nkwadebe nke seedlings maka akuku na saịtị nkwadebe.
Tupu ịgha mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, a na-egbutu akụkụ niile mebiri emebi nke mgbọrọgwụ n'ebe dị mma. E bepụrụ mgbọrọgwụ ndị mebiri emebi na nke rere ure kpamkpam. Mgbe ịkwachaa, iji gbochie mgbọrọgwụ ihicha n'oge akuku, a na-etinye ha na ngwọta ala.
Mgbe niile nkwadebe ọrụ malitere akuku. A na-akụ seedlings n'ebe na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ.
A na-akụ osisi n'ime olulu nke 0.60 x 0.60 m. Ozugbo ịgha mkpụrụ, a na-agbanye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na ọnụego 15 lita kwa osisi. Mgbe ịgha mkpụrụ, a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na 3-4 buds.
Mgbe ị na-akụ mkpụrụ n'okpuru mkpụrụ osisi ọ bụla, a na-agbakwunye mbadamba mbadamba "MahiMagin" 2, ọrụ a na-abawanye mmepụta nke ala, na-akwakọba mmiri na nri, na-akwalite mkpokọta ha na nri ezi uche dị na ya, na-eme ka usoro mmiri-ikuku na akụrụngwa physicochemical dịkwuo mma. A na-eme atụmatụ imezi ihe ọkụkụ n'ime afọ mbụ n'ime 5% nke oche. Ndozi nke ihe ọkụkụ actinidia site na ịkụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma naanị n'ubi ndị na-eto eto, ya mere a na-arụzi nrụzi ahụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1 nke ahịhịa na 5% nke mkpụrụ osisi a kụrụ.
Ndozi nke ihe ọkụkụ actinidia gụnyere ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'ebe ha dara, na-edochi mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọrịa na ndị mebiri emebi.
Akụkụ nke mkpochapụ aṅụ na-achịkwa nke ugbo azụmahịa actinidia
Maka pollination ọ dị mkpa ịkụnye osisi nwoke na nwanyị ọzọ: otu nwoke na nwanyị 10-15 ma ọ bụ otu ahịrị osisi nwoke na ahịrị 5 nke nwanyị.
Actinidia bụ osisi dioecious, ya mere, a ga-etinye osisi nwanyị na nwoke na saịtị ahụ. Okooko osisi nwanyị na actinidia naanị ma ọ bụ jikọtara ya; A na-etinye ụmụ nwoke na abụọ - atọ na inflorescence. Oge ntoju n'otu oge ahụ, nke na-enye ezigbo pollination. Maka ịmị mkpụrụ na osisi 5-10 nwere okooko osisi nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, ọ dị mkpa ịkụ otu osisi nwere ụdị nwoke. Ụdị actinidia ọ bụla chọrọ pollinator kwesịrị ekwesị. Re-pollination n'etiti onye ụdị adịghị eme. Na mgbakwunye, n'oge oge okooko nke actinidia, ọ dị mkpa ịnweta aṅụ 4-6 kwa 1 ha nke ihe ọkụkụ na aṅụ iji hụ na pollination nkịtị.
Actinidia osisi na-amalite ịmị mkpụrụ na nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ n'afọ mgbe akuku. Ịtọkwa na ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ osisi generative na-eme na ndabere nke otu afọ na-eto eto dị iche iche n'oge mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi, ihe dịka ọnwa 2 tupu mmalite nke oge okooko zuru oke. Akụkụ etiti nke ọnụ ọnụ ifuru ahụ na-aghọ pistil dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ọtụtụ ogidi, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere oghere oghere dị iche iche. Okooko osisi na-adịru site na mbubreyo May ruo etiti June. Dị ka oge nke okooko iche na-ekewa n'ime 3 otu: 1) n'oge; 2) nkezi; 3) mbubreyo okooko. N'ime ụdị dịgasị iche iche, okooko osisi pistil na stamen nwere ike ime n'otu oge. Ya mere, iji hụ na pollination nkịtị, a na-ahọrọ ụdị pistil na stamen nke na-eto n'otu oge. A na-ebufe pollen na okooko osisi pistil site na ụmụ ahụhụ na ifufe.
Actinidia okooko osisi emit siri na siri ísì, ha na-n'ụzọ zuru okè pollinated site bumblebees na aṅụ, ma ha abụghị mmanụ aṅụ aṅụ, n'ihi na ha enweghị nectaries. Aṅụ na-eji pollen sitere na okooko osisi ndị a dị ka nri protein. Ogologo oge nke ifuru bụ ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na abụọ. N'otu oge ahụ, actinidia na-amịpụta ome na-eto eto na-eto ruo mita abụọ n'oge okpomọkụ. Na mmalite nke ụbịa, uto nke lianas na-akwụsị, na-etolite buds na ome. Mkpụrụ osisi na actinidia juputara na ihe ọṅụṅụ, nwere uto na-atọ ụtọ na ọgaranya. Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke mkpụrụ osisi actinidia bụ na ha na-agbanwe ísì ha site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, tomato na-esi ísì dị ka painiapulu, mgbe ụfọdụ - apụl. Ugbo a nwere apiary maka mpaghara aṅụ 120, nke a na-eji emetọ ifuru actinidia n'oge okooko.
Ukraine bụ ala ubi, na okooko nke pollination nke ugbo kụrụ na-amalite. Apricot na-ebu ụzọ, mgbe ahụ cherị, cherị. Fọrọ nke nta ka n'out oge na ha blooms piom, mgbe ahụ, ube, okpomọkụ iche apụl, na oyi iche mezue ya okooko. Ụdị ụdị mkpụrụ osisi niile, nke nwere okooko osisi bisexual, na-agafe agafe. Enwere ike iji pollen nke ụdị dị iche iche mee ka ụfọdụ ụdị ọka dị iche iche wee nye obere ihe ubi. Ụdị ndị a na-amịkwa mkpụrụ ka mma na cross-pollination. A na-egbochi ime pollination onwe ya site na nhazi nke okooko osisi ha, ụbọchị dị iche iche maturation nke pistils na anthers. Na mgbakwunye, pollen sitere na otu ifuru ma ọ bụ otu ụdị dị iche iche sitere na osisi ọzọ anaghị enye fatịlaịza. Enwere ike ịme ifuru nke ụdị mkpụrụ osisi naanị site na pollen nke ihe a na-akpọ pollinator dị iche iche. N'ihe ọkụkụ, a na-ama pollinators kacha mma maka ụdị ụfọdụ. A ghaghị iburu nke a n'uche mgbe ị na-akụ ubi. Na mgbakwunye na ụdị dị iche iche, dabere n'ụdị ubi, kụọ ụdị pollinators dị iche iche. Nsonaazụ nke pollination na mkpụrụ nke ubi na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na agrotechnology nke hotikoisho, afọ nke osisi, ike nke okooko, ọnọdụ ihu igwe, karịsịa n'oge okooko, na pollination nke aṅụ. A ka nwere ụmụ ahụhụ na-emetọ anụ ọhịa ole na ole n'oge mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi, ọrụ ha na-emetọ ihe adịghị mkpa. Ndị isi pollinators nke ubi bụ mmanụ aṅụ aṅụ. Na-enweghị ha, mkpụrụ osisi anaghị etolite ovaries na mgbe otutu okooko fọrọ nke nta ka enyeghị ihe a chọrọ owuwe ihe ubi. Mgbe saturation nke aṅụ dị elu, ubi ndị siri ike na-etolite 30 - 40% nke ovaries bara uru, yana nnukwu ovary 2 - 3% nke ifuru na-enye nnukwu mkpụrụ. Okooko osisi nke ụdị ụfọdụ nwere anthers nso, nke na-eme ka ọ na-esiri aṅụ ike ịnweta nectar. A na-emetọ ifuru ndị a nke ọma site na aṅụ na-anakọta pollen. N'ụdị ndị ọzọ, ịnweta nectar bụ n'efu. Aṅụ, na-anakọta ya, pollinate okooko osisi obere, na ovaries na-guzobere obere.
dabere na ihe ndị sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Akwụkwọ nri na mkpụrụ osisi